Penalty for the crime of causing loss or damage to manuscripts, coins or recorded heritage materials - a comparative study -
الكلمات المفتاحية:
- Deterioration Of Coins. - Manuscripts. - Recorded Heritage Materials.الملخص
Abstract: The Iraqi legislator criminalized the possession of antiquities in terms of general origin, but exempted from that certain types of antiquities that allowed natural and legal persons to possess them, including manuscripts, coins and heritage materials registered with the archaeological authority. Whether it was in whole or in part, with bad faith or negligence on his part, and therefore the Iraqi legislator did not distinguish here between the intentional crime and the unintentional crime, which is in violation of the rules of criminal justice that require such discrimination.
المراجع
First:- language dictionaries
- 1-Jamal al-Din Abu al-Fadl Muhammad ibn Makram ibn Manzur al-Ansari the African, Lisan al-Arab, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Lebanon - Beirut, Volume IV, 2009.
Second: Arabic books
- 1- Dr. Abdel Muhaimin Bakr, Penal Code - Special Section, 7th edition, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1977.
- 2-Dr. Abd al-Razzaq Ahmad al-Sanhouri, Mediator in Explanation of Civil Law, Volume 9, Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1966.
- 3-Salah Al-Din Al-Nahi, Al-Wajeez in the original rights in kind, Part 1, without a publishing house, Baghdad, 1961. Sania Ahmed Youssef, Protection of Tenure between the Public Prosecution and the Urgent Judiciary, New University Publishing House, Alexandria, 2001.
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- 5-Muhammad Ali Arafa, a summary of the right to property and the reasons for earning it, without a publishing house, Cairo, 1956.
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- 10-Ramses Bahnam, The General Theory of Criminal Law, 3rd Edition, Mansha’at al-Maaref, Alexandria, 1997.
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- Dr. Muhammad Khalaf, Principles of Punishment, Al-Thawra Press, Libya, 1978 23-
- 24-Rene Gareau, Encyclopedia of Public and Private Penal Law - A Comparative Study, Volume Three, translated by Lyn Salah Matar, Al-Halabi Human Rights Publications, Beirut, 2003
Third: University Theses and Theses:
- 1-Dr. Hassan Muhammed Kazem, Civil Liability Arising from Abuse of Right, PhD Thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Law, 2006
Fourth: Legal Research and Journals:
- Dr. Adam Smian Diab Al-Ghuriri and Muhammad Abbas Hussein, the supposed element in the crime of provoking the civil war, research published in the Journal of Tikrit University of Law, issued by the Faculty of Law - Tikrit University, Year 2, Volume 2, Part 1, Number 1, 2017.
Fifth: Legislation
. Constitutions
Constitution of the Republic of Iraq 2005..
The Egyptian Constitution of 2019..
The Sudanese Constitution of 2005.
- laws
The Iraqi Civil Code No. 40 of 1951, as amended.
The Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, as amended.
- Sudanese criminal of 1991
- From the Iraqi Antiquities and Heritage Law in force.
- Jordanian Antiquities Law No. (26) of 1968
The Algerian Law for the Protection of Historic and Natural Places and Monuments of 1967.
Sixth: Published Decisions
- Appeal No. (61) for the year (9 judicial) on 7/3/1940 1-
Seventh: Foreign sources
Eynle Bradford, Antique Collection, the English Universities Press, London, 1965 .
