Preventive measures in crimes against public office – a comparative study

Abstract

Abstract: This study highlights the importance of preventive measures in combating financial crimes, particularly bribery and embezzlement, due to their direct impact on institutional integrity, economic stability, and public trust in governmental bodies. The research problem centers on assessing the effectiveness of the preventive and legislative frameworks adopted in both Iraq and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in limiting such crimes, and the extent to which these frameworks achieve a balance between criminal deterrence and administrative prevention. The study examines the key legal and institutional mechanisms in both countries, including anti-money laundering laws, integrity and financial oversight authorities in Iraq, as well as the Anti-Bribery Law, Anti-Money Laundering Law, and the role of the Oversight and Anti-Corruption Authority (Nazaha) in Saudi Arabia. It also highlights the role of strict penalties, administrative measures, modern technological tools, and awareness programs in enhancing transparency and accountability. The study concludes that both countries adopt an integrated approach combining preventive measures with criminal legislation; however, the effectiveness of this system depends largely on the level of institutional coordination and the use of advanced technological tools. Accordingly, the study recommends strengthening cooperation among oversight bodies, developing early detection mechanisms for financial crimes, and expanding public awareness to enhance the protection of public funds and reduce corruption. © 2023 TUJR, College of Law, Tikrit University