The impact of public office on mitigating the penalty for an employee or a public service assignee who breaches their job duties

Abstract

Abstract: The grounds for justification include the exercise of rights, the fulfillment of duties, and the execution of legally mandated actions. Additionally, the Egyptian legislator has introduced the exercise of authority as an additional justification. There is a jurisprudential debate regarding the legitimacy of an employee carrying out orders from their superior if such orders are unlawful, with opinions differing between the necessity of obedience to ensure the stability of public institutions and adherence to the principle of legality.