The legal implications of multiple producers in civil liability for defective products - a comparative study in Iraqi, Iranian, and French law

Abstract

This research, extracted from the third chapter of a master's thesis, explores the issue of multiple producers and their impact on civil liability for defective products. It highlights the legal complications arising when more than one party is involved in the production chain—such as the original producer, distributor, supplier, or reassemble, The study aims to determine the extent of each party's liability and to identify the legal basis for their contribution to the resulting damage. It also discusses the overlap between contractual and tort liability in this context.

The research draws upon comparative legal systems, especially French and Iraqi law, with brief references to Iranian jurisprudence, relying on general principles and consumer protection laws, The findings reveal that the multiplicity of producers complicates the causal link and necessitates a more nuanced framework for allocating liability to ensure fair compensation for injured